THE EFFECT OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXPECTATIONS ON IMPRESSIONS OF CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT ATTITUDES IN MULTICHANNEL COMMUNICATIONS.
Item
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Title
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THE EFFECT OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXPECTATIONS ON IMPRESSIONS OF CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT ATTITUDES IN MULTICHANNEL COMMUNICATIONS.
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Identifier
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AAI8222936
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identifier
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8222936
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Creator
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CITRON, LOIS ANDREA.
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Contributor
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Stephan Thayer | Louia Gerataaa
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Date
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1982
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Language
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English
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Publisher
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City University of New York.
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Subject
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Psychology, Experimental
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Abstract
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The effect of positive and negative situational expectations on impressions of attitude was investigated. Hispanic and White American encoders, acting as solicitors for a charity, responded on videotape to a hypothetical, off-screen donor. Stimuli were encoders' responses of various combinations of positive or negative evaluative content presented in facial, vocal, and verbal channels. Subjects, who were mainly Hispanic, Black, or White, expected either a positive or negative attitude on the part of the charity solicitor, or had no expectation with regard to attitude. Subjects responded in four ways to each observed message: (1) they judged the charity solicitor-encoder's attitude on a positive-negative scale; (2) they evaluated the certainty of their own attitude judgment on a certain-uncertain scale; (3) they estimated how large a monetary donation a hypothetical bystander would contribute to each encoder using a forced-choice format; (4) they decided how large a monetary donation they would give to the encoder using the same forced-choice format. In addition, subjects rated themselves on a 14-point altruism questionnaire. Results indicate that: (1) subjects who expect positive attitudes judge encoders' attitudes as more positive than subject who expect negative attitudes; (2) positive faces, voices, and scripts are judged more favorably than negative faces, voices, and scripts; (3) White encoders are judged as conveying more positive attitudes than Hispanic encoders and are given larger hypothetical monetary contributions; (4) positive content messages and congruent messages are judged with more certainty than negative content and incongruent messages; (5) impressions of attitude, estimated other's contributions, and self contributions are positively correlated; (6) self-reported altruism is not correlated with any other response measure. Encoder and decoder ethnic differences are reported and discussed. Hispanic encoders stress the vocal channel; White encoders stress the facial channel. Black and Hispanic subject-decoders discriminate positive and negative facial expressions on the impression of attitude scale but White subjects do not. Cultural explanations are presented. The present results and those of previous studies are discussed in terms of Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth's (1972) source clarity, and suggestions for future research are made.
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Type
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dissertation
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Source
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PQT Legacy CUNY.xlsx
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degree
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Ph.D.
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Program
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Psychology
